The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Ophthalmoscopy \Oph`thal*mos"co*py\, n. [Cf. F.
   ophthalmoscopie.]
   1. A branch of physiognomy which deduces the knowledge of a
      person's temper and character from the appearance of the
      eyes.
      [1913 Webster]

   2. Examination of the eye with the ophthalmoscope.
      [1913 Webster]

WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):

ophthalmoscopy
    n 1: examination of the interior of an eye using an
         ophthalmoscope