The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Lathe \Lathe\ (l[aum][th]), n. [AS. l[=ae][eth]. Of uncertain
   origin.]
   Formerly, a part or division of a county among the
   Anglo-Saxons. At present it consists of four or five
   hundreds, and is confined to the county of Kent. [Written
   also lath.] --Brande & C.
   [1913 Webster]

The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Lathe \Lathe\ (l[=a][th]), n. [OE. lathe a granary; akin to G.
   lade a chest, Icel. hla[eth]a a storehouse, barn; but cf.
   also Icel. l["o][eth] a smith's lathe. Senses 2 and 3 are
   perh. of the same origin as lathe a granary, the original
   meaning being, a frame to hold something. If so, the word is
   from an older form of E. lade to load. See Lade to load.]
   1. A granary; a barn. [Obs.] --Chaucer.
      [1913 Webster]

   2. (Mach.) A machine for turning, that is, for shaping
      articles of wood, metal, or other material, by causing
      them to revolve while acted upon by a cutting tool.

WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):

lathe
    n 1: machine tool for shaping metal or wood; the workpiece turns
         about a horizontal axis against a fixed tool

Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0:

83 Moby Thesaurus words for "lathe":
   T square, alembic, anvil, awl, bale breaker, bar, battering ram,
   bevel, bevel square, bodkin, bradawl, buffer, caldron, calipers,
   cant hook, caulking iron, center punch, crowbar, crucible, dibble,
   dividers, edger, electric sander, electric soldering iron, engine,
   file, flail, forceps, fork, grapnel, grappling iron, grease gun,
   grindstone, hawk, hook, jack, jackscrew, jointer, level, machine,
   melting pot, miter box, mortar, motor, nail file, nail puller,
   palette knife, peavey, pincers, pinch bar, pitchfork, planer,
   pliers, puller, punch, punch pliers, puncheon, putty knife, ram,
   rammer, ramrod, retort, ripping bar, screwdriver, shaper,
   soldering iron, spatula, square, stapler, tackle, tamp, tamper,
   tamping pick, tap, test tube, tire iron, tire tool, tongs,
   transducer, transformer, tweezers, vise, wrecking bar