The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:

Infantile paralysis \In"fan*tile pa*ral"y*sis\ (Med.)
   An acute viral disease, affecting almost exclusively infants
   and young adults, characterized by inflammation of the
   anterior horns of the gray substance of the spinal cord. It
   is attended with febrile symptoms, motor paralysis, and
   muscular atrophy, often producing permanent deformities.
   Called also acute anterior poliomyelitis, poliomyelitis
   and polio. It is caused by any one of three polioviruses,
   and by the end of the twentieth century had been almost
   completely eradicated in developed countries by a widespread
   campaign of immunization.
   [Webster 1913 Suppl. +PJC]

WordNet (r) 3.0 (2006):

infantile paralysis
    n 1: an acute viral disease marked by inflammation of nerve
         cells of the brain stem and spinal cord [syn:
         poliomyelitis, polio, infantile paralysis, acute
         anterior poliomyelitis]

Moby Thesaurus II by Grady Ward, 1.0:

138 Moby Thesaurus words for "infantile paralysis":
   African lethargy, Asiatic cholera, Chagres fever, German measles,
   Haverhill fever, acute articular rheumatism, ague, alkali disease,
   amebiasis, amebic dysentery, anthrax, apoplexy,
   bacillary dysentery, bastard measles, black death, black fever,
   blackwater fever, breakbone fever, brucellosis, bubonic plague,
   cachectic fever, catalepsy, cataplexy, cerebral rheumatism,
   chicken pox, cholera, cowpox, dandy fever, deer fly fever, dengue,
   dengue fever, diphtheria, diplegia, dumdum fever, dysentery,
   elephantiasis, encephalitis lethargica, enteric fever, erysipelas,
   famine fever, five-day fever, flu, frambesia, glandular fever,
   grippe, hansenosis, hemiplegia, hepatitis, herpes, herpes simplex,
   herpes zoster, histoplasmosis, hookworm, hydrophobia,
   infectious mononucleosis, inflammatory rheumatism, influenza,
   jail fever, jungle rot, kala azar, kissing disease, lepra, leprosy,
   leptospirosis, loa loa, loaiasis, lockjaw, madness, malaria,
   malarial fever, marsh fever, measles, meningitis, milzbrand, mumps,
   ornithosis, osteomyelitis, palsy, paralysis, paraplegia,
   paratyphoid fever, paresis, parotitis, parrot fever, pertussis,
   pneumonia, polio, poliomyelitis, polyarthritis rheumatism, ponos,
   psittacosis, rabbit fever, rabies, rat-bite fever, relapsing fever,
   rheumatic fever, rickettsialpox, ringworm, rubella, rubeola,
   scarlatina, scarlet fever, schistosomiasis, sensory paralysis,
   septic sore throat, shingles, sleeping sickness, sleepy sickness,
   smallpox, snail fever, splenic fever, spotted fever, strep throat,
   stroke, swamp fever, tetanus, thrush, tinea, trench fever,
   trench mouth, tuberculosis, tularemia, typhoid, typhoid fever,
   typhus, typhus fever, undulant fever, vaccinia, varicella, variola,
   venereal disease, viral dysentery, whooping cough, yaws,
   yellow fever, yellow jack, zona, zoster